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Independent reference on the Future Railway Mobile Communication System
FRMCS ATLAS

Railways & operators

FRMCS at the railways – projects, deployment and operators involved

Numerous railways and infrastructure managers contribute to the development, testing and deployment of FRMCS. Their activities range from defining operational requirements through European test projects to national deployment planning. The documented status differs markedly between organisations.

This overview covers all 21 railway and infrastructure actors from the underlying research plus Regio Infra Nord-Ost as an additional test-infrastructure partner. It shows which link to FRMCS is evidenced in each case.

Inclusion in this overview does not automatically mean that the organisation already uses an FRMCS network in regular railway operation.

Research status: 30 September 2026 · English text is an automatic translation of the German research.

Which roles do the railways take on?

Five kinds of involvement are relevant for classification. An organisation can hold several of them at once.

Requirements and system lead
Define operational requirements and coordinate technical evolution
Research and development
Co-develop specifications, prototypes and migration approaches
Test fields and validation
Trial solutions on test lines or in integration environments
Deployment planning
Prepare national programmes, pilots and the transition from GSM-R
Observation
Follow test results and developments without this implying a deployment project of their own

22 entries

Railways with documented programmes and test activities

Germany

Deutsche Bahn / DB InfraGO

Research and developmentTest fields and validation

Deutsche Bahn, or DB InfraGO, is involved within MORANE-2 in preparing test lines and equipment for FRMCS field trials. The research also documents the historical participation of DB Netz and DB Kommunikationstechnik in 5GRAIL. This evidences both development work and the preparation of practical trials. No completed nationwide FRMCS rollout can be derived from these project roles alone.

Documented role: Development, test infrastructure and field trials.

Sources

  1. [1]FP2-MORANE-2 – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 101196125) — European Commission, CORDIS · Project dates 1 Dec 2024 – 30 Sep 2027; participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: participant (Deutsche Bahn AG); DB InfraGO as third party. The project summary still refers to a TSI 2027 objective. That is the historic plan at proposal time; later UIC statements target CCS TSI 2028.
  2. [2]FP2-MORANE-2 – Project structure — Europe's Rail · Project structureOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026one of the five field-test tracks
  3. [3]MORANE-2 as a validation step towards FRMCS Edition 1 — Digitale Schiene Deutschland / SIGNAL+DRAHT · Printed pp. 39–41 · 2025-05Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026printed pp. 39–41: five planned field-test focus areas
  4. [4]Nokia deploys world's first 1900 MHz 5G radio network on Deutsche Bahn test track supporting FRMCS — FP2 MORANE-2 · 2025-09-15Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026Project website news item.
  5. [5]5GRAIL – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 951725, 1 Nov 2020 – 31 Dec 2023) — European Commission, CORDIS · Participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: participant (DB InfraGO); DB Kommunikationstechnik as third party

Switzerland

SBB / SBB Infrastruktur

Requirements and system leadTest fields and validation

SBB Infrastructure is the Swiss system leader for train communication. This task covers the implementation and further development of train communication in the context of GSM-R and FRMCS. Participation in MORANE-2 is also documented. SBB thus holds both a national coordination role and a role in European trials.

Documented role: National system lead and European project participation.

Sources

  1. [1]Train communication (GSM-R, FRMCS) – system leadership — VöVOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026
  2. [2]FP2-MORANE-2 – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 101196125) — European Commission, CORDIS · Project dates 1 Dec 2024 – 30 Sep 2027; participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: associated partner. The project summary still refers to a TSI 2027 objective. That is the historic plan at proposal time; later UIC statements target CCS TSI 2028.
  3. [3]5GRAIL – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 951725, 1 Nov 2020 – 31 Dec 2023) — European Commission, CORDIS · Participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: participant
  4. [4]5th ETSI FRMCS Plugtests Report V1.0.0 (Paris, 27–31 October 2025) — ETSI · V1.0.0 (2025-11) · Chapter 5, printed pp. 17–18, tables 1–8 (equipment roles); executive summary p. 5 (observers)Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026observer. Evidence of test participation in a named equipment role only; the report states no products were certified.

France

SNCF Réseau

Research and developmentDeployment planningObservation

SNCF Réseau is pursuing its own FRMCS programme and working on prototypes and research projects. The research names in particular 5G-RACOM, with studies on the transition between 2G and 5G, and R2DATO, related to train automation. In addition there is the historical participation in 5GRAIL and observation of the FRMCS Plugtests. The details of the research activities rely on a supplementary trade report, as the official SNCF Réseau page was only partly readable during the research.

Documented role: Own programme, prototype development and research.

Sources

  1. [1]FRMCS – Future Railway Mobile Communication System (French migration plan, status June 2024) — SNCF Réseau · 2024-06Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026Historic national timeline (status 2024): migration 2028–2035, commercial operation progressively from 2032. Not a 2026 confirmation.
  2. [2]SNCF Réseau Advances Development of FRMCS-5G — Railway-News · 2024-03-20Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026Trade press report.
  3. [3]SNCF Réseau's FRMCS projects — Global Railway Review · 2024-03-19Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026Trade press report.
  4. [4]5GRAIL – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 951725, 1 Nov 2020 – 31 Dec 2023) — European Commission, CORDIS · Participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: participant
  5. [5]5th ETSI FRMCS Plugtests Report V1.0.0 (Paris, 27–31 October 2025) — ETSI · V1.0.0 (2025-11) · Chapter 5, printed pp. 17–18, tables 1–8 (equipment roles); executive summary p. 5 (observers)Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026observer. Evidence of test participation in a named equipment role only; the report states no products were certified.
  6. [6]4th ETSI FRMCS Plugtests Report V1.1.0 (Sophia Antipolis, 1–5 July 2024) — ETSI · V1.1.0 (2024-08) · Executive summary, printed pp. 6–7 (observers and no-certification statement); chapter 5, printed pp. 19–20, tables 1–8 and footnotes (equipment roles and test conditions) · 2024-08Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026observer. Evidence of test participation in a named equipment role and documented test condition only; this was an interoperability event and no products were certified.

Austria

ÖBB-Infrastruktur

Deployment planningResearch and development

ÖBB-Infrastruktur has published deployment planning which, according to the status captured in the research, foresees piloting from 2027. It describes a coordinated FRMCS rollout and the later decommissioning of GSM-R with a time-limited parallel operation. The roadmap used is dated 10 August 2026. Historical participation in 5GRAIL is also documented. The dates describe plans, not deployment steps already achieved.

Documented role: Deployment planning, planned piloting and earlier development participation.

Sources

  1. [1]FRMCS radio – ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG (incl. roadmap PDF, modified 10 Aug 2026) — ÖBB-InfrastrukturOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026
  2. [2]FP2-MORANE-2 – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 101196125) — European Commission, CORDIS · Project dates 1 Dec 2024 – 30 Sep 2027; participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: associated partner. The project summary still refers to a TSI 2027 objective. That is the historic plan at proposal time; later UIC statements target CCS TSI 2028.
  3. [3]5GRAIL – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 951725, 1 Nov 2020 – 31 Dec 2023) — European Commission, CORDIS · Participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: participant

Spain

ADIF

Test fields and validation

ADIF participates in MORANE-2 and is preparing test lines for FRMCS trials. The project structure used names two ADIF test lines. This documents a concrete role in practical validation. Test-field participation alone does not describe a nationwide deployment status.

Documented role: Project participation and test fields.

Sources

  1. [1]FP2-MORANE-2 – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 101196125) — European Commission, CORDIS · Project dates 1 Dec 2024 – 30 Sep 2027; participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: participant. The project summary still refers to a TSI 2027 objective. That is the historic plan at proposal time; later UIC statements target CCS TSI 2028.
  2. [2]FP2-MORANE-2 – Project structure — Europe's Rail · Project structureOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026two of the five field-test tracks

Netherlands

ProRail

Test fields and validation

ProRail is represented in MORANE-2 with a test field. The CORDIS reporting page expressly names ProRail in collaboration with KPN, and the official project structure says that the ProRail line will host KPN. This evidences the planned test configuration, but neither a commercial supply contract nor a national FRMCS operating model. ProRail also observed the fifth Plugtests in 2025.

Documented role: MORANE-2 test field with a planned KPN test configuration.

Sources

  1. [1]FP2-MORANE-2 – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 101196125) — European Commission, CORDIS · Project dates 1 Dec 2024 – 30 Sep 2027; participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: participant. The project summary still refers to a TSI 2027 objective. That is the historic plan at proposal time; later UIC statements target CCS TSI 2028.
  2. [2]FP2-MORANE-2 – Periodic reporting for grant 101196125 — European Commission, CORDIS · Last update 25 May 2026 · Reporting period 1 Dec 2024 – 31 Dec 2025 · 2026-05-25Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026reporting page expressly names collaboration with KPN. Collaboration and reported integration work are not certification, completed field testing or a national deployment.
  3. [3]FP2-MORANE-2 – Project structure — Europe's Rail · Project structureOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026one of the five field-test tracks; the source says the ProRail line will host KPN
  4. [4]Joint UIC–UNIFE press release: FP2-MORANE-2 (28 January 2025) — UIC, UNIFE · 2025-01-28Archived copy retrieved 03 Oct 2026Archived copy 22 Feb 2025KPN named as consortium mobile network operator. uic.org showed a maintenance page on 2026-10-03; the statement was confirmed in the Internet Archive snapshot of this exact URL.
  5. [5]5th ETSI FRMCS Plugtests Report V1.0.0 (Paris, 27–31 October 2025) — ETSI · V1.0.0 (2025-11) · Chapter 5, printed pp. 17–18, tables 1–8 (equipment roles); executive summary p. 5 (observers)Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026observer. Evidence of test participation in a named equipment role only; the report states no products were certified.

Scandinavia – national and cross-border preparation

Several Nordic infrastructure actors are represented both in European FRMCS projects and in preparing cross-border communication infrastructure. 5G4RAILSCAND addresses the preparation of 5G rail infrastructure and cross-border FRMCS deployment in the Copenhagen–Sweden–Oslo corridor. The research evidences project and preparation activities; it does not show FRMCS operation already continuously available in this corridor.

Sweden

Trafikverket

Test fields and validationDeployment planning

MORANE-2 participant with one of the five field-test tracks; the CORDIS reporting page expressly names Trafikverket in collaboration with Telia. This evidences the project test configuration, but neither a commercial supply contract nor a national FRMCS operating model. Trafikverket is also a consortium member of 5G4RAILSCAND.

Documented role: Test field and cross-border preparation.

Sources

  1. [1]FP2-MORANE-2 – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 101196125) — European Commission, CORDIS · Project dates 1 Dec 2024 – 30 Sep 2027; participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: participant. The project summary still refers to a TSI 2027 objective. That is the historic plan at proposal time; later UIC statements target CCS TSI 2028.
  2. [2]FP2-MORANE-2 – Periodic reporting for grant 101196125 — European Commission, CORDIS · Last update 25 May 2026 · Reporting period 1 Dec 2024 – 31 Dec 2025 · 2026-05-25Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026reporting page expressly names collaboration with Telia. Collaboration and reported integration work are not certification, completed field testing or a national deployment.
  3. [3]FP2-MORANE-2 – Project structure — Europe's Rail · Project structureOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026one of the five field-test tracks
  4. [4]Joint UIC–UNIFE press release: FP2-MORANE-2 (28 January 2025) — UIC, UNIFE · 2025-01-28Archived copy retrieved 03 Oct 2026Archived copy 22 Feb 2025Ericsson and Telia named as consortium members. uic.org showed a maintenance page on 2026-10-03; the statement was confirmed in the Internet Archive snapshot of this exact URL.
  5. [5]Trafikverket's 5G rollout receives co-funding from the EU (5G4RAILSCAND) — Trafikverket · 2024-12-06Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026consortium member

Norway

Bane NOR

Test fields and validationDeployment planning

Associated partner in MORANE-2; consortium member of 5G4RAILSCAND; observer at the fifth Plugtests 2025.

Documented role: Project participation and cross-border preparation.

Sources

  1. [1]FP2-MORANE-2 – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 101196125) — European Commission, CORDIS · Project dates 1 Dec 2024 – 30 Sep 2027; participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: associated partner. The project summary still refers to a TSI 2027 objective. That is the historic plan at proposal time; later UIC statements target CCS TSI 2028.
  2. [2]Trafikverket's 5G rollout receives co-funding from the EU (5G4RAILSCAND) — Trafikverket · 2024-12-06Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026consortium member
  3. [3]5th ETSI FRMCS Plugtests Report V1.0.0 (Paris, 27–31 October 2025) — ETSI · V1.0.0 (2025-11) · Chapter 5, printed pp. 17–18, tables 1–8 (equipment roles); executive summary p. 5 (observers)Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026observer. Evidence of test participation in a named equipment role only; the report states no products were certified.

Denmark

Banedanmark

Test fields and validationDeployment planning

Associated partner in MORANE-2 and in 5G4RAILSCAND.

Documented role: Project participation and cross-border preparation.

Sources

  1. [1]FP2-MORANE-2 – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 101196125) — European Commission, CORDIS · Project dates 1 Dec 2024 – 30 Sep 2027; participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: associated partner. The project summary still refers to a TSI 2027 objective. That is the historic plan at proposal time; later UIC statements target CCS TSI 2028.
  2. [2]Trafikverket's 5G rollout receives co-funding from the EU (5G4RAILSCAND) — Trafikverket · 2024-12-06Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026associated partner

Finland – FRMCS in the Digirata programme

In Finland the research documents two organisations with different tasks in the joint Digirata programme. The programme description names radio-based ETCS and the FRMCS radio network as key components, embedding FRMCS in a broader effort to digitalise rail operations. The programme description alone does not imply that the planned FRMCS network is already complete.

Finland

Väylävirasto

Test fields and validationDeployment planning

Associated partner in MORANE-2; joint Digirata project with Fintraffic.

Documented role: Project participation and Digirata programme organisation.

Sources

  1. [1]FP2-MORANE-2 – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 101196125) — European Commission, CORDIS · Project dates 1 Dec 2024 – 30 Sep 2027; participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: associated partner. The project summary still refers to a TSI 2027 objective. That is the historic plan at proposal time; later UIC statements target CCS TSI 2028.
  2. [2]Digirata — Fintraffic · Project ownership, key systems and division of dutiesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026
  3. [3]Digirata – rail project — VäylävirastoOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026

Finland

Fintraffic

Deployment planning

Runs the Digirata project jointly with Väylävirasto; its key parts are radio-based ETCS and the FRMCS radio network. For the implementation stage, the project publication assigns Fintraffic tasks including ERTMS and signalling expertise, development of digitalisation and information management, and procurement preparation and steering. These are programme tasks, not evidence of a completed FRMCS network.

Documented role: Joint owner of Digirata with implementation-stage tasks.

Sources

  1. [1]Digirata — Fintraffic · Project ownership, key systems and division of dutiesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026
  2. [2]Digirata implementation advances with a new service-alliance model — Digirata · 2026-05-18Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026

Other European infrastructure managers

For the following organisations the research documents participation in MORANE-2. The consortium overview used does not show a detailed national rollout status. These participations are relevant to European FRMCS development. Statements about concrete procurement, equipment volumes or commissioning dates require additional organisation-specific sources.

Belgium

Infrabel

Research and development

Listed in CORDIS as an associated partner of MORANE-2.

Documented role: MORANE-2 participation.

Sources

  1. [1]FP2-MORANE-2 – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 101196125) — European Commission, CORDIS · Project dates 1 Dec 2024 – 30 Sep 2027; participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: associated partner. The project summary still refers to a TSI 2027 objective. That is the historic plan at proposal time; later UIC statements target CCS TSI 2028.

United Kingdom

Network Rail

Research and development

Listed in CORDIS as an associated partner of MORANE-2.

Documented role: MORANE-2 participation.

Sources

  1. [1]FP2-MORANE-2 – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 101196125) — European Commission, CORDIS · Project dates 1 Dec 2024 – 30 Sep 2027; participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: associated partner. The project summary still refers to a TSI 2027 objective. That is the historic plan at proposal time; later UIC statements target CCS TSI 2028.
  2. [2]5th ETSI FRMCS Plugtests Report V1.0.0 (Paris, 27–31 October 2025) — ETSI · V1.0.0 (2025-11) · Chapter 5, printed pp. 17–18, tables 1–8 (equipment roles); executive summary p. 5 (observers)Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026observer. Evidence of test participation in a named equipment role only; the report states no products were certified.

Italy

RFI – Rete Ferroviaria Italiana

Research and development

Listed in CORDIS as an associated partner of MORANE-2.

Documented role: MORANE-2 participation.

Sources

  1. [1]FP2-MORANE-2 – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 101196125) — European Commission, CORDIS · Project dates 1 Dec 2024 – 30 Sep 2027; participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: associated partner. The project summary still refers to a TSI 2027 objective. That is the historic plan at proposal time; later UIC statements target CCS TSI 2028.

Historical development and requirements work

Earlier project and working-group participations are also part of the picture; their timing remains essential. 5GRAIL ran from 1 November 2020 to 31 December 2023 and served the prototype verification of early FRMCS specifications. Participation at that time should therefore be considered separately from today's deployment or procurement decisions.

Portugal

Infraestruturas de Portugal – IP

Research and developmentRequirements and system lead

Participation in 5GRAIL and in the historical UIC functional working group.

Documented role: Development and requirements work.

Sources

  1. [1]5GRAIL – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 951725, 1 Nov 2020 – 31 Dec 2023) — European Commission, CORDIS · Participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: participant
  2. [2]UIC FRMCS Functional Working Group (50th meeting, November 2020) — UIC · 2020-11-27Archived copy retrieved 03 Oct 2026Archived copy 17 Jul 2024listed as member "IP" in 2020. uic.org showed a maintenance page on 2026-10-03; the statement was confirmed in the Internet Archive snapshot of this exact URL.

Netherlands

NS

Requirements and system lead

Named on the historical UIC page as a member of the FRMCS Functional Working Group. The historical membership reference for NS was reconfirmed in the research. No unchanged current working-group membership is derived from it.

Documented role: Historical requirements link.

Sources

  1. [1]UIC FRMCS Functional Working Group (50th meeting, November 2020) — UIC · 2020-11-27Archived copy retrieved 03 Oct 2026Archived copy 17 Jul 2024listed as member "NS" in 2020. uic.org showed a maintenance page on 2026-10-03; the statement was confirmed in the Internet Archive snapshot of this exact URL.

Railway undertakings with a documented observer role

For two further companies the research explicitly documents participation as observers at FRMCS test events. An observer role shows engagement with the technology and its test results. On its own it evidences neither a rollout contract nor completed vehicle fitment. SNCF Voyageurs and SNCF Réseau are deliberately treated separately: the research documents different roles for the two organisations.

France

SNCF Voyageurs

Observation

Observer at the fifth FRMCS Plugtests 2025.

Documented role: Observer role.

Sources

  1. [1]5th ETSI FRMCS Plugtests Report V1.0.0 (Paris, 27–31 October 2025) — ETSI · V1.0.0 (2025-11) · Chapter 5, printed pp. 17–18, tables 1–8 (equipment roles); executive summary p. 5 (observers)Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026observer. Evidence of test participation in a named equipment role only; the report states no products were certified.

Spain

Renfe Operadora

Observation

Observer at the fourth FRMCS Plugtests 2024; listed in CORDIS as a third party in MORANE-2.

Documented role: Observer role.

Sources

  1. [1]4th ETSI FRMCS Plugtests Report V1.1.0 (Sophia Antipolis, 1–5 July 2024) — ETSI · V1.1.0 (2024-08) · Executive summary, printed pp. 6–7 (observers and no-certification statement); chapter 5, printed pp. 19–20, tables 1–8 and footnotes (equipment roles and test conditions) · 2024-08Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026observer. Evidence of test participation in a named equipment role and documented test condition only; this was an interoperability event and no products were certified.
  2. [2]FP2-MORANE-2 – CORDIS project fact sheet (grant 101196125) — European Commission, CORDIS · Project dates 1 Dec 2024 – 30 Sep 2027; participant list with role typesOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026CORDIS role: third party. The project summary still refers to a TSI 2027 objective. That is the historic plan at proposal time; later UIC statements target CCS TSI 2028.

International references outside Europe

The research also covers two railway organisations named outside Europe. Both entries are based on manufacturer publications. These sources document international developments around the next generation of railway radio. The FRMCS label used is not, on its own, proof of conformance with all European FRMCS requirements.

China

China Railway

ZTE names China Railway as the addressee of customer-specific 5G-R products that the publication refers to as FRMCS.

Documented role: Manufacturer statement in the Chinese 5G-R context.

Sources

  1. [1]ZTE FRMCS: Empowering Railway Digitalization (ZTE Technologies 2024/5) — ZTE · 2024-09-13Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026Manufacturer's own statement; not independent verification of delivery capability, approval or deployment.

Mozambique

CFM

Huawei states that it worked with CFM to deploy an LTE solution adopting FRMCS architecture. This is a vendor case study, not evidence of European FRMCS conformity, certification or a 5G deployment.

Documented role: LTE solution according to vendor statement.

Sources

  1. [1]CFM and Huawei deploy an LTE solution adopting FRMCS architecture — Huawei · Mozambique railway case studyOriginal retrieved 03 Oct 2026Manufacturer's own statement; not independent verification of delivery capability, approval or deployment.

Additional research actor

Germany

Regio Infra Nord-Ost – RIN

Test fields and validation

Regio Infra Nord-Ost – RIN is documented as a consortium partner of GINT XT and operator of a test line of around twelve kilometres in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. GINT XT investigates, among other things, the compatibility of public mobile networks with FRMCS and the shared use of sites and infrastructure. RIN takes on a test-infrastructure role in this context. No FRMCS rollout of its own is derived from this.

Documented role: Test infrastructure.

Sources

  1. [1]Gemeinsam fürs Gigabit: Bahn- und Mobilfunkunternehmen forschen für Highspeed-Internet im Zug (GINT XT) — Deutsche Bahn · Consortium, RIN test line and research scope · 2025-06-12Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026The full original press release was retrieved. Its separately linked factsheet returned HTTP 422 and is not represented as retrieved.
  2. [2]GINT XT: Bahn und Mobilfunker wollen Highspeed-Internet in den Zug bringen — heise online · 2025-06-12Original retrieved 03 Oct 2026Trade press report.